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utasanshin 唄三線 Tonal System and Tuning

How do you learn the tonal system and the method of tuning the instrument?

We are fortunate to find simple concepts and associated nomenclatures in the Chinese cultural sphere, which includes Japan, Korea, the Ryūkyūan islands and Vietnam, and in the Persian cultural sphere, which has some things in common with the Arabic cultural sphere in the area of music, including using Hellenistic writings as a starting point. Such easily digestible and at the same time ingenious concepts are used by me when they can illustrate what we do in music in a simple way. The concept itself should be memorable. Don't worry, I am not driven by identity politics or any nationalism.

The first thing I teach is the method of tuning the sanshin without a tuner. This method, which is at least 2600 years old and was documented at about the same time in the Chinese and Hellenistic empires, is very simple because it requires only two intervals.

And already we have arrived at the concept of interval, the "distance" that lies between two notes. In my classes, the intervals are sung and played on the instrument, training the ear. This training is essential for all those who have not yet been exposed to these intervals to a sufficient degree and have been able to practise them repeatedly.

Fortunately, the two intervals mentioned above follow the physical law of harmony and are therefore very easy to recognise by the ear. They are also the most easily recognisable intervals when two notes are played simultaneously. By stringing these intervals together, we tune the instrument and at the same time generate a tone system in which four other harmonic intervals appear. The tone system thus obtained is widely used in Japanese, Korean and Chinese music.

However, as in Korea with the Taepeyongso, for example, other intervals can also be found on the Ryūkyūan islands. The Ryūkyū Kingdom, which shaped Ryūkyūan culture, was very active in trade between the South China Sea (Java, Philippines etc.) and Korea / Japan. Cultural exchange with these regions took place. Some of these regions in turn were in exchange with Persian and later Arab culture via the Silk Road as well as via the trade routes in the Indian Ocean. Thus, it is not impossible that elements from the musical traditions of these regions or even from Persia found their way to the Ryūkyūan islands.

The court music of Central Java, for example, is strikingly similar to Ryūkyūan. Or the Persian and Arabic traditions, for example, use the same tonal system as the Chinese, except that two more intervals are added to it. I vividly demonstrate these regional characteristics and presumed connections between them on the instrument to interested students in class.

Through this practice and by listening to representative recordings, the student learns with me to reproduce the six harmonic intervals found in East Asian music. These are different from those found on a Western tuned piano or guitar.

I know the nomenclature for intervals according to Western and Persian-Arabic tradition. In my lessons, I use the Persian names for the intervals that occur, because they are descriptive and therefore easy to remember. They mean, for example, "time", "the predominant", "part", "the reverberating", "remnant", etc. Thanks to the appropriate meanings, they can be easily associated with the respective interval. I only mention the corresponding western names, e.g. "perfect fifth" or "Pythagorean minor third", if my students have a background in western music theory and explicitly wish them to be mentioned. These Western names correspond to a Latin numbering system, to which the concept of a scale is subject. However, since Asian music is based on concepts of intervals rather than scales, the use of Western names is not appropriate and not helpful for those who are not familiar with them.

The tones themselves can also be named. There are two approaches to this. The first is completely independent of an instrument. In class, I use the Chinese names for the five main tones and the four secondary tones, each of which has its own unique position in the tonal system described above. These names have memorable and appropriate meanings such as "palace", "merchant", "corner", "harbinger" etc. and are more appropriate than the Western solmisation which has no figurative meanings. A translation of Chinese nomenclature into solmisation is possible if the latter are understood as relative rather than absolute tones.

We also use the Chinese names of the five main tones to name the modes that arise when one of the main tones is used as the fundamental: For example, we have the "palace mode", which is "clear", "elegant" or "festive" depending on the choice of secondary tones.

A traditional song is in one of these modes. In order for a mode to be played particularly well, the instrument is retuned. The Sanshin knows three tunings. In class we learn these three tunings, staying with one tuning at the beginning until we can play at least four songs with it.

In this context, the second approach of naming the notes comes into play: one names the finger positions on the instrument. But if the tuning of the instrument changes, a finger position no longer corresponds to the same note. Fourteen finger positions are used on the Sanshin. Each has a unique name. In the lessons, I show their traditional writing and the Japanese and okinawan pronounciation.